Channel Estimation for MIMO MC-CDMA Systems

The concepts of MIMO MC-CDMA are not new but the new technologies to improve their functioning are an emerging area of research. In general, most mobile communication systems transmit bits of information in the radio space to the receiver. The radio channels in mobile radio systems are usually multipath fading channels, which cause inter-symbol interference (ISI) in the received signal. To remove ISI from the signal, there is a need of strong equalizer. In this thesis we have focused on simulating the MIMO MC-CDMA systems in MATLAB and designed the channel estimation for them

The Divine State in the Eyes of Kaviko

The Tamils have divided their land into five categories according to the nature of each. In every divided territory, God has been properly created. When they created God, they very carefully divided God on the basis of the land, placing a distance between each land and uniting the people. Kaviko Abdul Rahman was a native of Madurai and served the Tamil literary world. Despite being from a Mohammedan community, he had no hatred for other religions. Our eyes widen when we see that God has created Kannapirana in such an enchanting way. He sees Paranthaman, Mohammad Nabi, and Jesus Christ equally on the same scale of balance. Godly worship and religion are very critical of, condemning, and skinning the present state of affairs in our country, as it was then and as it is today

Historical references to Marudham

The main characteristic of The Sangam literature is the five types of lands captive kurinji, mullai, marudham, neithal and palai, and the adjoining people sects, the customs and disciplines shown by the department. There are many reports of the ethics and customs that arose in the prehistory of the state and that the state was not the state. The article deals with the Marudham historical references spoken in the Akananuru

An approach to assess the quality of honey using partial least square method

The objective of the present study is to obtain the quantity of honey components such as moisture, glucose, fructose and sucrose in order to access the quality of honey. The tested honey samples are authenticated if the characteristics of a pure honey. The average ratio of 56% fructose to 44% glucose, but the ratios in the individual honeys ranged from a high of 64% fructose and 36% glucose to a low of 50% fructose and 50% glucose. The contents such as fructose and sucrose in honey is due to the presence of invertase enzymes. The organic acids present in the honey is responsible for the flavor and stability against the contamination of honey due to microorganisms. The natural food items are adulterated intentionally to increase the quantity and there by the quality gets affected. The main adulterants added in honey are sucrose, corn syrup, sugar syrup and jaggery syrup. The quantification deals in finding out the amount of basic constituents present in pure honey and adulterated honey using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with the multivariate analysis and validating the same using chemical analysis method. The partial least square model is used in predicting the constituents of the samples

A FRACTIONAL DELAY FIR FILTER BASED ON LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION OF FARROW STRUCTURE

An efficient implementation technique for the Lagrange interpolation is derived. This formulation called the Farrow structure leads to a version of Lagrange interpolation that is well suited to time varying FD filtering. Lagrange interpolation is mostly used for fractional delay approximation as it can be used for increasing the sampling rate of signals and systems. Lagrange interpolation is one of the representatives for a class of polynomial interpolation techniques. The computational cost of this structure is reduced as the number of multiplications are minimised in the new structure when compared with the conventional structure

ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OILS DERIVED FROM NATURAL, CALLUS AND IN-VITRO PROPAGATED SOURCES OF MELALEUCA ALTERNIFOLIA AGAINST COMMON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

Objective: Melaleuca alternifolia (M. alternifolia) and its essential oil (EO) fractions have been used widely and traditionally in the treatment of various infectious diseases and hence its antibacterial potential is investigated in the present study. Methods: The antibacterial activity was studied through the agar disc diffusion method and broth dilution method, DNA fragmentation studies and confocal microscopy morphological studies were done. In-silico molecular interaction was studied against microbial target using docking software. Results: The inhibitory concentration of the EOs was recorded at 75% dilution with larger inhibition zones. The DNA fragmentation analyzed in the essential oil derived from in-vitro propagated leaves (EOIPL) of M. alternifolia treated bacterial cultures was compared with negative and positive controls. In Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of EOIPL treated Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) showed time-dependent growth inhibition. The DNA content in the EOIPL treated bacterial cultures was comparatively less than in control cultures. The cell morphology changes of S. aureus cells were studied through confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis which showed a significant decrease in viable bacterial cells. The active component, terpinen-4-ol docked to autolysin receptor revealed stable interaction with the microbial target. Conclusion: Thus EOIPL was explored to possess bactericidal activity against common infectious bacteria and could in incorporated in therapeutic natural antibiotic formulations as with future studies

Evaluation of analgesic activity of aqueous extract of Mangifera indica leaves in albino rats

Background: Mangifera indica (MI), also known as mango, aam, has been an important herb in the Ayurvedic and indigenous medical systems for over 4000 years. Mangoes belong to genus Mangifera, which consists of about 30 species of tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. According to Ayurveda, varied medicinal properties are attributed to different parts of the mango tree. This study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic activity of aqueous extract of MIleaves in albino rats.Methods: Analgesic activity was evaluated by hot plate method and acetic acid induced writhing with four groups of six rats each. Group 1 was control, Group 2 received standard drug (tramadol and diclofenac for hot plate and writhing method, respectively), and Groups 3 and 4 received aqueous extract of MI leaves extract 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg.Results: The reaction time (seconds, mean±standard error mean [SEM]) in hot plate method at 120 mins increased significantly (p<0.001) with MI 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, 8.96±0.12 and 10.61±0.2, respectively. The acetic acid induced writhing test showed a significant (p<0.001) decrease in number of writhes (mean±SEM) in MI 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg 43.76±1.59 and 30.33±1.41 respectively in treated rats when compared with control 67.17±0.75.Conclusion: Aqueous extract of MI extract has significant analgesic effect in rats

Characterization of Chromobacterium Violaceum Isolated From Spoiled Vegetables and Antibiogram of Violacein

Chromobacterium violaceum, a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-sporing coccobacillus, producing a natural antibiotic called violacein was extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum MTCC 2656, collection of Chandigarh. The present study reports different types of microbial population along with Chromobacterium violaceum in 36 samples of spoiled vegetables. In the numerous microbial populations, three different strains (HMCCC 45, HMCCC 46 and HMCCC 47) were isolated and subjected to various morphological and biochemical tests. The results reveal that the three strains isolated, HMCCC 46 was similar to the standard except that HMCCC 46 colonies were dark violet in colour. The antibiotic sensitivity test of HMCCC 46 revealed that it was resistant to vancomycin, ampicillin, linezolid, and susceptible to colistin, oxacillin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, amikacin

A Study on Vali Azhal Keel Vayu (வளி அழல் கீல் வாயு)

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: Vali azhal keel vayu is a universal disease affecting 3% of the total population, involving poor as well as rich people and causing disabilities and deformities. Vast studies on this disease and as per the opinions from the concerned specialists reveal that still there is not a total curative therapy for this disease. The signs and symptoms of the disease are correlative with Rheumatoid arthritis. The author has selected this disease and treated with the help of gwq;fpg;gl;il ,urhadk; (Parangipattai Rasayanam) 1-2 gms 2 times Morning and Evening after food a day internally and fPy;thjj;jpw;F Ie;njd;nza; (Keelvathathuku Iynthennai) externally. • To collect authentic measures and review the ideas mentioned in ancient siddha literature about the disease. • To study the clinical features of the disease vali azhal keel vayu. • To review the altered Tridosha or mukkutram and changes in the physiology as per siddha aspect. • To study the disease Vali azhal keel vayu on the basis of Udal thathu, paruva kaalam, food, taste, age, sex,socio-economic status, ennvagai thervu, neerkuri and neikuri. • To expose the unique diagnostic procedure mentioned in siddha literature for the disease Vali azhal keel vayu. • To diagnose the disease on the basis of modern parameters. • To have a detailed analysis to prove the clinical efficacy of the drugs through the pharmacological and biolchemical analysis. SUMMARY: Valiazhal keelvayu is one among a common problem in clinical practice. It has received an international attention in search of finding out of a new drug for the ailment of the sufferers. Valiazhal keelvayu is a chronic multi system connective tissue disorder of unknown aetiology. The characteristic feature of Rheumatoid arthritis is persistant inflammatory synovitis usually involve the peripheral joints in a symmetrical fashion. The potential of the synovial inflammation to cause cartilage destruction and bone erosion and subsequent joint deformity is the hall mark of the disease. Joint pain, Swelling, tenderness which may be aggravated on motion. Morning stiffness of 2 to 3 hours duration, easy fatigability, anaemia, occasional fever are the common manifestation of the disease. Extra articular manifestations are Rheumatoid nodules, lymph adenopathy, Spleenomegaly, Rheumatoid vasculitis, ophthalmic manifestations include scleritis, kerato conjunctivitis and pleuritis, fibrous alveolitis. The study on Valiazhal keelvayu (R.A) was with trial drugs. 1. Parangipattai Rasayanam 1-2 gms B.D. Internal. 2. Keelvathathirku Iynthennai External. Twenty cases of both sexes, and of various age groups were chosen and the study was carried out. 90% of the patients belonged to pitha kaalam. 45% of the cases were seemed to develop the disease during pinpani kaalam (maasi – panguni). All the cases came from Marutha nilam. Seventy percent of cases belonged to poor class families. Considering aetiology ten percent of the cases had a positive family history. 85% of the cases had a gradual on set of disease. All the cases had joint pain, swelling, morning stiffness. 75% of the cases had restricted movements. 75% of the cases had initial involvement of joints of the upper limb. In all the cases proximal interphalangeal joints and meta carpophalangeal joints were involved. Ten percent of the cases had deformities in their interphanlangeal, metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint. Regarding uyir thathukkal, viyanan and was were affected in 100% of the cases abanan was affected in 50% of cases samanan was affected in 75% of cases anala pitham was affected in 50% of the cases. In 60% of the cases ranjakam was affected and in 75% of the cases sathaka pitham was affected. And santhigam were affected in all the cases, kilethagam was affected in 50% of cases. Saaram and enbu were affected in all the cases. Senneer was affected in 60% of the cases. Regarding Enn vagai thervugal, sparism. Naadi were affected in all the cases. Neerkuri was found straw in colour. Neikuri indicated Vatha neer in 50% of the cases. Malam was affected in 50% of cases. 50% of the cases had moderate restriction but with an ability to perform normal activities. R.A. factor was positive in thirteen cases. 50% of the cases showed a decrease in haemoglobin percentage. E.S.R. was raised in all the cases. The trial medicines were given to 20 Cases with Valiazhal keel vayu. The internal drug was Parangipattai Rasayanam in the dose of 1-2 gms twice a day after food. The external drug was Keelvathathirku Iynthennai which was applied externally to the affected joints. Hot water fomentation was given after the application of external drug. All the patients were advised to follow the balanced dietary habit. All the patients were also advised to follow the preventive measures like avoiding exposure to cold weather and advised to take bath in warm water. The observation made during this study, showed that the trial medicines were clinically effective. The potency of the drugs were studied by pharmacological and biochemical analysis. It shows that the drugs has acute anti inflammatory, anti pyretic and analgesic actions. CONCLUSION: In this study, results were found to be good in 50% of the cases. No adverse effects were noticed during the treatment period. Further follow up of these patients showed good recovery and fine improvement in the general well beings as they could carry out their day to day activities. The preparation of both medicines are simple and expiry is six months for Rasayanam and one year for Iynthennai. So they can be stored and used. The trial medicine has acute anti inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic actions. Early diagnosis and prompt management prevents the disabilities and deformities resulting from Rheumatoid arthritis. So it is concluded that the treatment with Parangipattai Rasayanam, Keelvathathirku Iynthennai is good in the view of efficacy and safety

IEEE 802.15.4-PHY Packet Detection and Transmission System With Differential Encoding For Low Power IoT Networks

Synchronization is the first operation in a digital base band receiver. The accuracy of the synchronizer shapes up the performance of the base band receiver. Synchronization is broadly divided into Carrier Frequency and Phase Synchronization, Symbol Timing and Frame Synchronization. If number of false detections in frame synchronization are high then large amount of power is wasted for processing unwanted packets. In this paper, we are proposing a packet detection and transmission system with differential encoding for low power IoT networks which reduces the number of false packet detections compared to existing preamble detection techniques. The proposed frame synchronization method decides packet is valid or not by cross correlating received packet with fixed preamble sequence and determine its boundaries. The proposed system is analyzed with smart metering power data and corresponding probabilities of packet missing and false detection, power consumption and bit error rate are analyzed. At 3 dB SNR the number of false detections are reduced by 170 compared to conventional correlation method thereby saving 15.8 % of processing power at receiver